Freire subsequently launched a career as an international education advisor.
In 1968, the Harvard Graduate School of Education offered, and Freire accepted, a one-year position as a guest lecturer. Freire's work captured the imagination of the American educational elite just as they began to replace the concept of "teacher-directed" education (the "sage on the stage") with "child-centered" education (the "guide on the side"). The book's reception in the United States was exceptionally enthusiastic. His book was first published in Portuguese in 1968, then quickly translated into Spanish and English. He was forced out of Brazil after the 1964 military coup that led to the ouster of the country's president, João Goulart. A revolutionary Marxist and native of Brazil, he had successfully taught Brazilian peasants how to read and write, qualifying them to vote and preparing them to mobilize politically. According to educational theorist Sol Stern, the book has "achieved near-iconic status in America's teacher-training programs." It has exercised a powerful influence not only on higher education, but also on K-12 teaching.įreire composed the book in the late 1960s while in political exile in Chile.
A 2003 study of elite schools of education in America conducted by David Steiner and Susan Rozen found that Pedagogy of the Oppressed was one of the most frequently assigned texts in courses on the philosophy of education.
In a 2016 study of the most cited texts in the social sciences according to Google Scholar, Pedagogy of the Oppressed was ranked third, behind Thomas Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions and Everett Rogers's Diffusion of Innovations. But by any measure, Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed has exercised enormous influence on the evolution of American education.
Intellectual influence is difficult to quantify.
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